The U.S. Capitol, flanked by the stacks of the Capitol Power Plant, a fossil fuel-burning power plant.

The U.S. Capitol, flanked by the stacks of the Capitol Power Plant, a fossil fuel-burning power plant.Saul Loeb / AFP通过Getty Images

面试

他们知道:美国政府如何帮助造成气候危机

自1970年代在白宫服役以来,詹姆斯·古斯塔夫·斯佩斯(James Gustave Speth)一直在呼吁对气候采取行动。在e360他谈到了他的新书,该书记录了美国政府如何反复反应科学家日益严峻的警告。

Few people have followed the climate issue longer or more closely than James Gustave Speth. From his time in Jimmy Carter’s White House — where he issued reports on the imminent dangers of global warming — through his five-decade career as an environmental leader, Speth has consistently sounded the alarm and sought to spur action on climate change.

在一个耶鲁环境360interview with climate advocate Bill McKibben, Speth discusses his new book,They Knew: The US Federal Government’s Fifty-Year Role in Causing the Climate Crisis,其中详细介绍了七个连续的美国政府未能采取有效采取的行动,以阻止温室气体排放,并鼓励提取和使用化石燃料。这本书是基于法律摘要的,Speth是耶鲁环境学院的前院长,以支持Juliana诉美国案,由21名青年原告提起的气候诉讼。

在采访中,斯佩斯谈到了政府早在1970年代,卡特总统呼吁过渡到可再生能源时,政府如何了解气候变化及其影响。但是,里根政府扭转了方向,使美国处于一条依赖化石燃料的道路上,即使科学界的警告变得更加紧迫,这种道路仍在继续。斯佩斯说,政府反复采取行动是“在古希腊意义上的悲剧”。

他告诉麦基本说:“从来没有时间,我们是否有一个政府确定我们将摆脱化石燃料业务,并开始采取措施做到这一点。”

Speth with President Jimmy Carter in the Oval Office in 1978 discussing a Council on Environmental Quality report on global environmental issues.

Speth with President Jimmy Carter in the Oval Office in 1978 discussing a Council on Environmental Quality report on global environmental issues.

比尔·麦基本:让我们从[总统吉米]卡特开始,因为您与他紧密合作。我惊讶地提醒我,他呼吁该国20%的能量到2000年来自太阳能。他对此是否认真?考虑到另一个术语,他真的会尝试这样做吗?

James Gustave Speth:我认为他死了。他以将太阳能集体放在白宫屋顶上而闻名。他对可再生能源做了很大的作用。他确实是科罗拉多州太阳能研究所的创造者。他有关于太阳能的立法。他为太阳能提供了资金。他反复说,美国未来的能源供应必须是可再生能源。我认为他将在第二学期内继续上那门课程。我认为他可能做的第一件事,了解他以及政府的工作方式,就是要求每个代理机构或一系列机构描述他们可以做什么来促进可再生能源,并使我们走上长期的轨道摆脱化石燃料。

麦基本:在过去的10年中,您一直在观看可再生能源的价格下降。你们的一部分是在想:“伙计,如果我们刚刚提前努力,我们真的可以在25或30年前做这件事吗?”

Speth:好吧,我认为日益增长的需求将使价格更早降低。但是您知道,即使在那些日子里,如果您考虑了气候变化的成本和气候变化的风险,那仍然是一种讨价还价。

And yes, it’s been enormously frustrating to realize that if we had started with Carter — this is now more than 40 years ago — and continued after his administration, we could have been on a path, a smooth trajectory of sensible reductions in fossil fuel use, to the point that today we could be approximating getting out of the fossil fuel business. But of course, that’s not what happened. In fact, our carbon emissions went up in that 40-year period.

“如果认真对待这个问题,这意味着我们将必须进行非常强大的政府干预。”

麦基本:与[罗纳德总统]里根(Ronald] Reagan)一起,这个故事变得非常非常悲惨。您在书中拥有有关[里根政府]采取的特定步骤的所有文档。您对所有这些意识形态的基础是什么?他们为什么这么鄙视可再生能源?这仅仅是石油工业的影响吗?还是有意识形态发生的事情?

Speth:I think there was an ideological component, but of course they were under a lot of pressure from various parts of the fossil fuel industry. We even see that today, right now, with the industry pressures on Senator [Joe] Manchin [of West Virginia], for example.

But there was an ideological component, and I think there always has been. And in my view, it goes roughly as follows: This problem, if taken seriously, means that we’re going to have to have a very strong government intervention, particularly at the federal level, to drive down emissions sharply over time. The more time we have, the less sharp it has to be. But it still involves major government intervention in the economy. And you may recall that Reagan famously said, “Government is not the solution to our problems. Government问题。”因此,这是反政府的反管制意识形态,推动了他的行政管理,这在我们的政治中实际上是几十年来真正突出的。

我认为整个过程中,媒体总体上都非常糟糕。仅在过去的几年左右的时间里,关于灾害的报告现在通常与气候变化相当相关。但是几年前,这也不是真的。我会拉出我的头发等待晚间新闻,将气候变化与西方的燃烧以及前所未有的火灾以及海平面上升和其他事情联系起来,但他们只是不做。因此,媒体让我们失望了很多时间。

詹姆斯·古斯塔夫(James Gustave)“古斯(Gus)” Speth

詹姆斯·古斯塔夫(James Gustave)“古斯(Gus)” Speth照片由切尔西·格林出版公司提供

麦基本:在某些方面,对我而言,您书中最悲惨的部分是George H.W.布什,尤其是克林顿时代,当时对气候采取行动的任何早期动力都消失了。

Speth:是的,早期的动力在[联合国]气候条约[1992年]以及整个过程。我可以列出美国从未批准的20个主要国际条约。但是主,看,我们批准了《气候条约》。And it’s one of the only ones that ever made it into treaty law in the U.S. That was ‘92, and Clinton and Gore came in right about then, right after George Herbert Walker Bush, and got nowhere with getting it successfully implemented in the U.S. And that was a great tragedy.

As I look at this whole period, this whole spectrum of all the administrations, what I see is a pattern that is going to sound partisan, and I don’t like to be partisan if I don’t have to be, but that’s just the way the cookie crumbles here. We had a series of administrations that began to take the issue of climate change seriously. And, in my view, they were Carter and Clinton and Obama. And each one of them was followed by a flamethrower that was determined to destroy the steps that had been taken. And that was Reagan, and that was George W. Bush, and that was Trump.

但是在任何时候,我们真的没有一个政府确定我们将摆脱化石业务,并开始采取措施做到这一点。对我而言,这是我们是否认真的一种酸性测试,以及我们是否在逻辑上引起的气候问题。

“切尼(Cheney)从早期开始,副总统基本上说,节能和能源效率是娘娘腔的。”

麦基本:乔治·W·布什(George W. Bush)实际上曾竞选总统,他承诺将二氧化碳视为污染物,这是他在就职几周内扭转的立场。

Speth:Yes, that was terrible … [Dick] Cheney started out in his early days as vice president basically saying that energy conservation and energy efficiency was for sissies, and you know, real men were determined to keep the country in the fossil arena big-time.

麦基本:谈论奥巴马的岁月。一方面,他有时会雄辩地谈论气候变化,另一方面,监督天然气生产的巨大扩张,这是他所继承的金融危机的一种经济灵丹妙药。从某种意义上说,这对那八年似乎很悲惨。

Speth:好吧,我的书充满了古希腊意义上的悲剧,但这是其中之一。我认为,在奥巴马的第一年,奥巴马的第一任期,[参谋长]拉姆·伊曼纽尔(Rahm Emanuel)在白宫打了很多镜头。当时,国会在国会进行了两党的努力,以促进气候立法。但是拉姆·伊曼纽尔(Rahm Emanuel)对此对此没有任何兴趣。我不确定为什么。基本上,白宫并没有大力支持山上的可能性。我认为在奥巴马的第二年,事情开始对气候行动变得更加认真。约翰·波德斯塔(John Podesta)进入白宫(担任参谋长),我认为他决心做某事。他们得到了Clean Power Plan出去,这绝对是向前迈出的一步。

乔治·H·W·布什(George H.

乔治·H·W·布什(George H.Dennis Cook / AP照片

但是最后,奥巴马总结了他认为在他的成就中很重要的事情,而他的名单上的高度是促进化石燃料,以及美国对化石燃料的出口和压裂。我认为,这反映了这种能源经济对我们的政治生活的控制。这部分是化石燃料公司的权力,政治权力和政治资金。部分原因是这种害怕掌握意识形态权利以及它提供的所有误导性信息,这些信息吓到他们将失去工作,价格将不断上涨。部分是要保持事物发展的需求,以及担心任何举动不仅会减缓增长,而且可能影响市场。

所有这些事情反对有效的气候行动的战争,最终使我得出了两个结论:一个是我们需要大规模的公民动员来推动变革,我希望这本书能为此做出贡献。因为我们在这里有一个关于所谓的政治领导人严重不负责任的故事。这本书揭示了这一点,并揭示了这种责任的巨大责任。这样,我认为它可以为今天的年轻一代和其他人提供信息,包括那些可能会错过其中的人,我希望他们会激怒他们,并通过为他们提供坚实的历史背景来采取行动大规模的民事动员。

其次,另一个希望是法院。我们的国会使我们失败了。我们的政府使我们失败了。我们现在需要 - 正如我们所看到的一些欧洲国家并在Australia— we need a judicial kick in the pants to provide some real guidance and insistence that governments act to protect current and future generations.

“我认为每天有效的是无情的公民存在,动员,行动主义,要求……而不是放松。”

麦基本:让我们谈谈这两种事情。首先,大规模动员。与一直在政府内部的人交谈,有一个庞大的公民运动给政府中的人们提供自己想做的事情有多重要?

Speth:I think it’s extremely important because, as you say, it does give the political folks space. But I think it’s not only the scale of the mobilization, but also its persistence. You ask, what is effective? I think what’s effective every day is just relentless citizen presence, mobilization, activism, demands, funny things, serious things, and not letting up. We had an enormously成功的,在纽约市的巨大游行[2014年]。我认为这是一个很棒的事件。但是,随着时间的流逝,它是否与级联,积累的公共压力联系在一起?我猜不是。

因此,我认为持久性和持续存在是引起人们关注的原因,这就是我们现在需要的。那是下一步。我很高兴看到年轻人讨论这个问题。如果年龄较大的几代人可以做同样的事情,那就太好了。在中间,有很多人在努力工作,以使自己的鼻子保持在水面之上。而且您知道,很难引起人们担心孩子上学以及是否会被掩盖,避免这种病毒以及其他事情的人们的注意。但是那里有一支退休和半退休的大军,有一群年轻人担心他们将会发生的事情一半。这些是我们需要的军队。

巴拉克·奥巴马(Barack Obama)总统于2012年访问了俄克拉荷马州库欣附近的TransCanada Stillwater管院。

巴拉克·奥巴马(Barack Obama)总统于2012年访问了俄克拉荷马州库欣附近的TransCanada Stillwater管院。美国照片档案 /阿拉米库存照片

麦基本:您是否希望您一生中的美国最高法院在这些战斗中发挥积极作用?

Speth:现在我们已经战斗了很长时间的我们这些人的特征之一是我们永远充满希望。我们一直期待好事。And my forever-hopeful position on your question is that I would hope that even this current Supreme Court would see that there’s a stake here in the future of humanity and our country and anything that they really care about — their children, nature, whatever motivates them — all of that is on the chopping block if we don’t get serious about climate. And so maybe they’ll find a way to at least sort of step aside and let the legislative branch and the administrations do their job.

麦基本:Let’s end with the one administration you didn’t get to, because it’s unfolding in front of us. What’s your sense for the likeliest outcome of this huge fight unfolding this autumn over [President] Joe Biden’s infrastructure bill?

Speth:Well, I do think that it will be a huge fight. I don’t have a crystal ball. But the $3.5 trillion [in spending] has a lot in it that would put us on a good path to dealing with the climate issue. We start with Biden’s goals. Fifty percent below 2005 levels in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, right around the corner, an ambitious goal. Net-zero emissions by mid-century. And 100 percent clean power by 2035. I mean these are ambitious goals. They signal a sharp turndown in fossil fuel reliance. And I think we need this mass movement that we’ve talked about and other things to push these goals forward and not lose sight of them.

结果如何?我真的不知道。但是我无法想象行星历史和我们国家的历史更为重要的时刻。因为如果这种失败,那将是一场巨大的悲剧。因为系统中没有什么可以自动减少我们的排放。希望魔术会改变的人,他们只是在自欺欺人。